Patch Love Research: Every drop in our patches counts
Our ingredients are rooted in science, chosen for their powerful ability to naturally support your health and well-being.
5-HTP
Maffei, Massimo E. “5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology.” International journal of molecular sciences vol. 22,1 181. 26 Dec. 2020, doi:10.3390/ijms22010181
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7796270/
Sutanto CN, Xia X, Heng CW, et al. The impact of 5-hydroxytryptophan supplementation on sleep quality and gut microbiota composition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr. 2024;43(3):593-602. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.010
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38309227/
Weinberg-Wolf, H., Fagan, N.A., Anderson, G.M. et al. The effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on attention and central serotonin neurochemistry in the rhesus macaque. Neuropsychopharmacol 43, 1589–1598 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-017-0003-7
Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor. Alternative Medicine Review : a Journal of Clinical Therapeutic. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-280. PMID: 9727088.
https://europepmc.org/article/med/9727088
Florian Javelle, Amit Lampit, Wilhelm Bloch, Peter Häussermann, Sheri L Johnson, Philipp Zimmer, Effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan on distinct types of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis,Nutrition Reviews, Volume 78, Issue 1, January 2020, Pages 77–88.
Acetyl L Carnitine
Ferreira, Gustavo C, and Mary C McKenna. “L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-carnitine Roles and Neuroprotection in Developing Brain.” Neurochemical research vol. 42,6 (2017): 1661-1675. doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2288-7
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5621476/
Onofrj M, Ciccocioppo F, Varanese S, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine: from a biological curiosity to a drug for the peripheral nervous system and beyond. Expert Rev Neurother. 2013;13(8):925-936. doi:10.1586/14737175.2013.814930
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23965166/
Sawicka, A.K., Renzi, G. & Olek, R.A. The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review.J Int Soc Sports Nutr17, 49 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2
Vermeulen RC, Scholte HR. Exploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2004;66(2):276-282. doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000116249.60477.e9
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15039515/
Van Oudheusden LJ, Scholte HR. Efficacy of carnitine in the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2002;67(1):33-38. doi:10.1054/plef.2002.0378
Ashwagandha
Salve, Jaysing et al. “Adaptogenic and Anxiolytic Effects of Ashwagandha Root Extract in Healthy Adults: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Clinical Study.” Cureus vol. 11,12 e6466. 25 Dec. 2019, doi:10.7759/cureus.6466
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6979308/
Mikulska, Paulina et al. “Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)-Current Research on the Health-Promoting Activities: A Narrative Review.” Pharmaceutics vol. 15,4 1057. 24 Mar. 2023, doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041057
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10147008/
Speers, Alex B et al. “Effects of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on Stress and the Stress- Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia.” Current neuropharmacology vol. 19,9 (2021): 1468-1495. doi:10.2174/1570159X19666210712151556
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8762185/
Smith SJ, Lopresti AL, Fairchild TJ. Exploring the efficacy and safety of a novel standardized ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract (Witholytin®) in adults experiencing high stress and fatigue in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2023;37(11):1091-1104. doi:10.1177/02698811231200023
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02698811231200023
Bacopa Monnieri
Fatima, Urooj et al. “Pharmacological attributes of Bacopa monnieri extract: Current updates and clinical manifestation.” Frontiers in nutrition vol. 9 972379. 18 Aug. 2022, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.972379
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9436272/
Abdul Manap, Aimi Syamima et al. “Bacopa monnieri, a Neuroprotective Lead in Alzheimer Disease: A Review on Its Properties, Mechanisms of Action, and Preclinical and Clinical Studies.” Drug target insights vol. 13 1177392819866412. 31 Jul. 2019, doi:10.1177/1177392819866412
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6669844/
McPhee, Grace M et al. “The Neurocognitive Effects of Bacopa monnieri and Cognitive Training on Markers of Brain Microstructure in Healthy Older Adults.” Frontiers in aging neuroscience vol. 13 638109. 22 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.638109
Black Cohosh
Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, Sakineh et al. “Efficacy of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa L.) in treating early symptoms of menopause: a randomized clinical trial.” Chinese medicine vol. 8,1 20. 1 Nov. 2013, doi:10.1186/1749-8546-8-20
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4029542/
Sadahiro R, Matsuoka LN, Zeng BS, et al. Black cohosh extracts in women with menopausal symptoms: an updated pairwise meta-analysis. Menopause. 2023;30(7):766-773. doi:10.1097/GME.0000000000002196
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37192826/
Mehrpooya, Maryam et al. “A comparative study on the effect of "black cohosh" and "evening primrose oil" on menopausal hot flashes.” Journal of education and health promotion vol. 7 36. 1 Mar. 2018, doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_81_17
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5868221/
Hedaoo, Kritiksha et al. “Exploring the Efficacy and Safety of Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) in Menopausal Symptom Management.” Journal of mid-life health vol. 15,1 (2024): 5-11. doi:10.4103/jmh.jmh_242_23
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11100637/
Oh, M. R., Park, J. H., Park, S. K., & Park, S. H. (2020). Efficacy of plant-derived dietary supplements in improving overall menopausal symptoms in women: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Trial Center for Functional Foods, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Republic of Korea; Food Functionality Research Division, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/ptr.8112
Caffeine
Fiani, Brian et al. “The Neurophysiology of Caffeine as a Central Nervous System Stimulant and the Resultant Effects on Cognitive Function.” Cureus vol. 13,5 e15032. 14 May. 2021, doi:10.7759/cureus.15032
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8202818/
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research; Marriott BM, editor. Food Components to Enhance Performance: An Evaluation of Potential Performance-Enhancing Food Components for Operational Rations. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1994. 20, Effects of Caffeine on Cognitive Performance, Mood, and Alertness in Sleep-Deprived Humans.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209050/
Clark, I., & Landolt, H. P. (2017). Coffee, caffeine, and sleep: A systematic review of epidemiological studies and randomized controlled trials. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 31, 70-78.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2016.01.006
Smith A. Effects of caffeine on human behavior.Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(9):1243-1255. doi:10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00096-0
Damiana
Kumar, S et al. “Pharmacological evaluation of Bioactive Principle of Turnera aphrodisiaca.” Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences vol. 70,6 (2008): 740-4. doi:10.4103/0250-474X.49095
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040867/
Yakoot M, Salem A, Omar AM. Effectiveness of a herbal formula in women with menopausal syndrome. Forsch Komplementmed. 2011;18(5):264-268. doi:10.1159/000333430
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22105039/
Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M. Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices.Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1998;217(3):369-378, doi:10.3181/00379727-217-44247
Ginger
Dietz BM, Hajirahimkhan A, Dunlap TL, Bolton JL. Botanicals and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals for Women's Health. Pharmacol Rev. 2016 Oct;68(4):1026-1073. doi: 10.1124/pr.115.010843. PMID: 27677719; PMCID: PMC5050441.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5050441/
Mohd Sahardi NFN, Makpol S. Ginger (Zingiber officinaleRoscoe) in the Prevention of Ageing and Degenerative Diseases: Review of Current Evidence. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019 Aug 20;2019:5054395. doi: 10.1155/2019/5054395. PMID: 31531114; PMCID: PMC6721508.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6721508/
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) supplementation on 17-β estradiol level, quality of life, and body composition in postmenopausal women: Secondary outcomes of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. In Press.
Ginkgo Biloba
Silberstein, R B et al. “Examining brain-cognition effects of ginkgo biloba extract: brain activation in the left temporal and left prefrontal cortex in an object working memory task.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM vol. 2011 (2011): 164139. doi:10.1155/2011/164139
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166615/
Lee, Helen, and Jacqueline S Birks. “Ginkgo biloba for cognitive improvement in healthy individuals.” The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews vol. 2018,8 CD004671. 3 Aug. 2018, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004671.pub2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6513461/
Zhang, Hong-Feng et al. “An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Ginkgo biloba Extracts for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia.” Frontiers in aging neuroscience vol. 8 276. 6 Dec. 2016, doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00276
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5138224/
Laws KR, Sweetnam H, Kondel TK. Is Ginkgo biloba a cognitive enhancer in healthy individuals? A meta-analysis. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2012;27(6):527-533. doi:10.1002/hup.2259
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23001963/
Tomino C, Ilari S, Solfrizzi V, Malafoglia V, Zilio G, Russo P, Proietti S, Marcolongo F, Scapagnini G, Muscoli C, et al. Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Dementia: The Role of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761®).Pharmaceuticals. 2021; 14(4):305.
Glucoronolactone
Munteanu C, Schwartz B. B Vitamins, Glucoronolactone and the Immune System: Bioavailability, Doses and Efficiency. Nutrients. 2023 Dec 20;16(1):24. doi: 10.3390/nu16010024. PMID: 38201854; PMCID: PMC10780850.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10780850/
Rubio C, Cámara M, Giner RM, González-Muñoz MJ, López-García E, Morales FJ, Moreno-Arribas MV, Portillo MP, Bethencourt E. Caffeine, D-glucuronolactone and Taurine Content in Energy Drinks: Exposure and Risk Assessment. Nutrients. 2022 Dec 1;14(23):5103. doi: 10.3390/nu14235103. PMID: 36501132; PMCID: PMC9735529.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9735529/
Campbell, B., Wilborn, C., La Bounty, P.et al.International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks.J Int Soc Sports Nutr10, 1 (2013).
Glutathione
Coppersmith, V., Hudgins, S., Stoltzfus, J. et al. The use of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of hangover: a randomized trial. Sci Rep 11, 13397 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92676-0
Minich, Deanna M, and Benjamin I Brown. “A Review of Dietary (Phyto)Nutrients for Glutathione Support.” Nutrients vol. 11,9 2073. 3 Sep. 2019, doi:10.3390/nu11092073
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6770193/
Song G, Han H, Park S, Sa S, Chung W, Lee BY. Effects of GSH on Alcohol Metabolism and Hangover Improvement in Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Crossover Clinical Trial.Nutrients. 2024; 16(19):3262.
Green Tea
Mancini E, Beglinger C, Drewe J, Zanchi D, Lang UE, Borgwardt S. Green tea effects on cognition, mood and human brain function: A systematic review. Phytomedicine. 2017;34:26-37. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2017.07.008
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28899506/
Chacko, Sabu M et al. “Beneficial effects of green tea: a literature review.” Chinese medicine vol. 5 13. 6 Apr. 2010, doi:10.1186/1749-8546-5-13
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2855614/
Rondanelli, Mariangela et al. “Effect of Acute and Chronic Dietary Supplementation with Green Tea Catechins on Resting Metabolic Rate, Energy Expenditure and Respiratory Quotient: A Systematic Review.” Nutrients vol. 13,2 644. 17 Feb. 2021, doi:10.3390/nu13020644
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7922336/
Neda Roshanravan, Pantea Mansouri, Guoyan Yang, Edris Ardeshirlarijani, Mohammad Hossein Ayati, Nazli Namazi, “The effects of supplementation with green tea on energy expenditure rate and thermal energy expenditure in adult individuals: A systematic review of clinical trials. Journal of Herbal Medicine, Volume 28, 2021, 100455, ISSN 2210-8033,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100455.
Schmidt, A., Hammann, F., Wölnerhanssen, B.et al.Green tea extract enhances parieto-frontal connectivity during working memory processing.Psychopharmacology 231, 3879–3888 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-014-3526-1
Gotu-Kola
Echeverria, Valentina et al. “Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 12 644103. 20 May. 2021, doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.644103
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172769/
Sun, Boju et al. “Therapeutic Potential of Centella asiatica and Its Triterpenes: A Review.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 11 568032. 4 Sep. 2020, doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.568032
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7498642/
Gohil KJ, Patel JA, Gajjar AK. Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010 Sep;72(5):546-56, doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78519. PMID: 21694984; PMCID: PMC3116297.
Hops
Franco L, Sánchez C, Bravo R, Rodriguez A, Barriga C, Juánez JC. The sedative effects of hops (Humulus lupulus), a component of beer, on the activity/rest rhythm. Acta Physiol Hung. 2012;99(2):133-139. doi:10.1556/APhysiol.99.2012.2.6
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22849837/
Min B, Ahn Y, Cho HJ, Kwak WK, Jo K, Suh HJ. Chemical compositions and sleep-promoting activities of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) varieties. J Food Sci. 2023;88(5):2217-2228. doi:10.1111/1750-3841.16544
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37038885/
Benkherouf, A. Y., Eerola, K., Soini, S. L., & Uusi-Oukari, M. (2020). Humulone modulation of GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors and its role in hops sleep-promoting activity. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, Article 594708.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnins.2020.594708/full
Magnesium
Arab A, Rafie N, Amani R, Shirani F. The Role of Magnesium in Sleep Health: a Systematic Review of Available Literature. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2023;201(1):121-128. doi:10.1007/s12011-022-03162-1
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35184264/
Zhang, Yijia et al. “Association of magnesium intake with sleep duration and sleep quality: findings from the CARDIA study.” Sleep vol. 45,4 (2022).
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8996025/
Heather A. Hausenblas, Tarah Lynch, Stephanie Hooper, Aahana Shrestha, Doug Rosendale, Jennifer Gu, Magnesium-L-threonate improves sleep quality and daytime functioning in adults with self-reported sleep problems: A randomized controlled trial, Sleep Medicine: X, Volume 8, 2024, 100121, ISSN 2590-1427.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590142724000193
Patel, V., Akimbekov, N. S., Grant, W. B., Dean, C., Fang, X., & Razzaque, M. S. (2024). Neuroprotective effects of magnesium: Implications for neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 15, 1406455.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2024.1406455
Tarsitano, M.G., Quinzi, F., Folino, K.et al.Effects of magnesium supplementation on muscle soreness in different type of physical activities: a systematic review.J Transl Med22, 629 (2024).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-05434-x
Gröber U, Werner T, Vormann J, Kisters K. Myth or Reality-Transdermal Magnesium? Nutrients. 2017 Jul 28;9(8):813. doi: 10.3390/nu9080813. PMID: 28788060; PMCID: PMC5579607.
Melatonin
Costello, Rebecca B et al. “The effectiveness of melatonin for promoting healthy sleep: a rapid evidence assessment of the literature.” Nutrition journal vol. 13 106. 7 Nov. 2014, doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-106
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4273450/
Zisapel, Nava. “New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation.” British journal of pharmacology vol. 175,16 (2018): 3190-3199. doi:10.1111/bph.14116
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6057895/
Ferracioli-Oda E, Qawasmi A, Bloch MH. Meta-analysis: melatonin for the treatment of primary sleep disorders. PLoS One. 2013;8(5):e63773. Published 2013 May 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063773
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23691095/
Fatemeh, G., Sajjad, M., Niloufar, R.et al.Effect of melatonin supplementation on sleep quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Neurol 269, 205–216 (2022).
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-10381-w
Milk Thistle
Wang, Der Yu et al. “Effects of the hangover secret on mitigating hangover symptoms: A pilot study.” Health science reports vol. 4,3 e330. 16 Jul. 2021, doi:10.1002/hsr2.330
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8284096/
Jacobs, Bradly P et al. Milk thistle for the treatment of liver disease. The American Journal of Medicine, Volume 113, Issue 6, 506 - 515.
https://www.amjmed.com/article/S0002-9343(02)01244-5/abstract
NAC
Coppersmith, V., Hudgins, S., Stoltzfus, J. et al. The use of N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of hangover: a randomized trial. Sci Rep 11, 13397 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92676-0
Oat Seed
Kennedy, David O et al. “Acute and Chronic Effects of Green Oat (Avena sativa) Extract on Cognitive Function and Mood during a Laboratory Stressor in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study in Healthy Humans.” Nutrients vol. 12,6 1598. 29 May. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12061598
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7352613/
Kim, Il-Sup et al. “Multiple Antioxidative and Bioactive Molecules of Oats (Avena sativa L.) in Human Health.” Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,9 1454. 13 Sep. 2021, doi:10.3390/antiox10091454
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8471765/
Effect of Avena sativa (Oats) on cognitive function: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Jibril, Aliyu Tijani et al. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, Volume 53, 144 - 150
https://clinicalnutritionespen.com/article/S2405-4577(22)01421-8/abstract
Paudel, Devendra et al. “A Review of Health-Beneficial Properties of Oats.” Foods (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 10,11 2591. 26 Oct. 2021, doi:10.3390/foods10112591
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625765/
Martinez-Horta, S., Ivanir, E., Perrinjaquet-Moccetti, T., Keuter, M. H., & Kulisevsky, J. (2021). Effects of a green oat herb extract on cognitive performance and neurophysiological activity: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 15, Article 748188.
Passion Flower
Janda, Katarzyna et al. “Passiflora incarnata in Neuropsychiatric Disorders-A Systematic Review.” Nutrients vol. 12,12 3894. 19 Dec. 2020, doi:10.3390/nu12123894
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7766837/
Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rashidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2001;26(5):363-367. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2710.2001.00367.x
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11679026/
da Fonseca, Lyca R et al. “Herbal Medicinal Products from Passiflora for Anxiety: An Unexploited Potential.” TheScientificWorldJournal vol. 2020 6598434. 20 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1155/2020/6598434
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7387951/
Guerrero, Fructuoso Ayala, and Graciela Mexicano Medina. “Effect of a medicinal plant (Passiflora incarnata L) on sleep.” Sleep science (Sao Paulo, Brazil) vol. 10,3 (2017): 96-100. doi:10.5935/1984-0063.20170018
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5699852/
Lee J, Jung HY, Lee SI, Choi JH, Kim SG. Effects of Passiflora incarnata Linnaeus on polysomnographic sleep parameters in subjects with insomnia disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;35(1):29-35. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000291
https://aor.us/research-library/effects-of-passiflora-incarnata
Rhodiola Rosea
Ivanova Stojcheva, Emilija, and José Carlos Quintela. “The Effectiveness of Rhodiola rosea L. Preparations in Alleviating Various Aspects of Life-Stress Symptoms and Stress-Induced Conditions-Encouraging Clinical Evidence.” Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 27,12 3902. 17 Jun. 2022, doi:10.3390/molecules27123902
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9228580/
Anghelescu IG, Edwards D, Seifritz E, Kasper S. Stress management and the role of Rhodiola rosea: a review. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2018;22(4):242-252. doi:10.1080/13651501.2017.1417442
Skull Cap
Mosconi, L., Berti, V., Dyke, J. et al. Menopause impacts human brain structure, connectivity, energy metabolism, and amyloid-beta deposition. Sci Rep 11, 10867 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90084-y
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-90084-y
Echeverria, Valentina et al. “Estrogenic Plants: to Prevent Neurodegeneration and Memory Loss and Other Symptoms in Women After Menopause.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 12 644103. 20 May. 2021, doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.644103
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8172769/
Kargozar R, Azizi H, Salari R. A review of effective herbal medicines in controlling menopausal symptoms. Electron Physician. 2017 Nov 25;9(11):5826-5833. doi: 10.19082/5826. PMID: 29403626; PMCID: PMC5783135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5783135/
Brock C, Whitehouse J, Tewfik I, Towell T. American Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of its effects on mood in healthy volunteers. Phytotherapy Research : PTR. 2014 May;28(5):692-698. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5044. PMID: 23878109.
Taurine
DesCurran CP, Marczinski CA. Taurine, caffeine, and energy drinks: Reviewing the risks to the adolescent brain. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Dec 1;109(20):1640-1648. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1177. PMID: 29251842; PMCID: PMC5737830.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5737830/
Mihaiescu T, Turti S, Souca M, Muresan R, Achim L, Prifti E, Papuc I, Munteanu C, Marza SM. Caffeine and Taurine from Energy Drinks—A Review. Cosmetics. 2024; 11(1):12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics11010012
https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9284/11/1/12
Schaffer S, Kim HW. Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a Therapeutic Agent. Biomol Ther (Seoul). 2018 May 1;26(3):225-241. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.251. PMID: 29631391; PMCID: PMC5933890.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5933890/
Kurtz, J.A., VanDusseldorp, T.A., Doyle, J.A.et al.Taurine in sports and exercise.J Int Soc Sports Nutr18, 39 (2021).
Transdermal Patches
Wong WF, Ang KP, Sethi G, Looi CY. Recent Advancement of Medical Patch for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Medicina (Kaunas). 2023;59(4):778. Published 2023 Apr 17. doi:10.3390/medicina59040778
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37109736/
Al Hanbali OA, Khan HMS, Sarfraz M, Arafat M, Ijaz S, Hameed A. Transdermal patches: Design and current approaches to painless drug delivery. Acta Pharm. 2019;69(2):197-215. doi:10.2478/acph-2019-0016
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Pastore MN, Kalia YN, Horstmann M, Roberts MS. Transdermal patches: history, development and pharmacology. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(9):2179-2209. doi:10.1111/bph.13059
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Bos JD, Meinardi MM. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol. 2000;9(3):165-169. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0625.2000.009003165.x
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Sawarkar S, Ashtekar A. Transdermal vitamin D supplementation-A potential vitamin D deficiency treatment. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19(1):28-32. doi:10.1111/jocd.13085
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Yekrang J, Gholam Shahbazi N, Rostami F, Ramyar M. A novel transdermal delivery route for energy supplements: Electrospun chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol nanofiber patches loaded with vitamin B12. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;230:123187. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123187
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Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Dardiotis E, Zafiriou E, Tsigalou C, Bogdanos DP. Peeking into the future: Transdermal patches for the delivery of micronutrient supplements. Metabol Open. 2021;11:100109. Published 2021 Jul 13. doi:10.1016/j.metop.2021.100109
Valerian
Bent S, Padula A, Moore D, Patterson M, Mehling W. Valerian for sleep: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2006 Dec;119(12):1005-12. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.026. PMID: 17145239; PMCID: PMC4394901.
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Shinjyo N, Waddell G, Green J. Valerian Root in Treating Sleep Problems and Associated Disorders-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2020 Jan-Dec;25:2515690X20967323. doi: 10.1177/2515690X20967323. PMID: 33086877; PMCID: PMC7585905.
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Chandra Shekhar, H., Joshua, L. & Thomas, J.V. Standardized Extract of Valeriana officinalis Improves Overall Sleep Quality in Human Subjects with Sleep Complaints: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Study. Adv Ther 41, 246–261 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12325-023-02708-6
Tammadon MR, Nobahar M, Hydarinia-Naieni Z, Ebrahimian A, Ghorbani R, Vafaei AA. The Effects of Valerian on Sleep Quality, Depression, and State Anxiety in Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial. Oman Med J. 2021 Mar 31;36(2):e255. doi: 10.5001/omj.2021.56. PMID: 33936782; PMCID: PMC8077445.
Vitamin B3
Chi Y, Sauve AA. Nicotinamide riboside, a trace nutrient in foods, is a vitamin B3 with effects on energy metabolism and neuroprotection. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2013 Nov;16(6):657-61. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32836510c0. PMID: 24071780.
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Fletcher RS, Lavery GG. The emergence of the nicotinamide riboside kinases in the regulation of NAD+ metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol. 2018 Oct 1;61(3):R107-R121. doi: 10.1530/JME-18-0085. PMID: 30307159; PMCID: PMC6145238.
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MorrisMC,EvansDA,BieniasJL, et alDietary niacin and the risk of incident Alzheimer’s disease and of cognitive declineJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry2004;75:1093-1099.
Vitamin B5
Tardy AL, Pouteau E, Marquez D, Yilmaz C, Scholey A. Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):228. doi: 10.3390/nu12010228. PMID: 31963141; PMCID: PMC7019700.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7019700/
Chen, Y.-q., Zhao, S.-p., & Zhao, Y.-h. (2015). Efficacy and tolerability of coenzyme A vs pantethine for the treatment of patients with hyperlipidemia: A randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 9(5), 692-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2015.07.003
Vitamin B6
Parra M, Stahl S, Hellmann H. Vitamin B₆ and Its Role in Cell Metabolism and Physiology. Cells. 2018 Jul 22;7(7):84. doi: 10.3390/cells7070084. PMID: 30037155; PMCID: PMC6071262.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6071262/
David T. Field, Rebekah O. Cracknell, Jessica R. Eastwood, Peter Scarfe, Claire M. Williams, Ying Zheng, Teresa Tavassoli. High‐dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental, 2022; DOI: 10.1002/hup.2852
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2852
Cropley, M., Banks, A., & Boyle, J. (2015). The effects of Rhodiola rosea L. extract on anxiety, stress, cognition, and other mood symptoms. Phytotherapy Research, 29(12), 1875-1883.
Vitamin B9
Kennedy DO. B Vitamins and the Brain: Mechanisms, Dose and Efficacy--A Review. Nutrients. 2016 Jan 27;8(2):68. doi: 10.3390/nu8020068. PMID: 26828517; PMCID: PMC4772032.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4772032/
Enderami, A., Zarghami, M. & Darvishi-Khezri, H. The effects and potential mechanisms of folic acid on cognitive function: a comprehensive review.Neurol Sci39, 1667–1675 (2018) //doi.org/10.1007/s10072-018-3473-4
Vitamin D3
Anjum I, Jaffery SS, Fayyaz M, Samoo Z, Anjum S. The Role of Vitamin D in Brain Health: A Mini Literature Review. Cureus. 2018 Jul 10;10(7):e2960. doi: 10.7759/cureus.2960. PMID: 30214848; PMCID: PMC6132681.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132681/
Sultan S, Taimuri U, Basnan SA, Ai-Orabi WK, Awadallah A, Almowald F, Hazazi A. Low Vitamin D and Its Association with Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. J Aging Res. 2020 Apr 30;2020:6097820. doi: 10.1155/2020/6097820. PMID: 32399297; PMCID: PMC7210535.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7210535/
Kang, J.H., Vyas, C.M., Okereke, O.I.et al.Effect of vitamin D on cognitive decline: results from two ancillary studies of the VITAL randomized trial.Sci Rep11, 23253 (2021).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02485-8
Alsaqr A, Rasoully M, Musteata FM. Investigating transdermal delivery of vitamin D3. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015 Aug;16(4):963-72. doi: 10.1208/s12249-015-0291-3. Epub 2015 Jan 22. PMID: 25609377; PMCID: PMC4508301.
Zinc Citrate
Verster JC, Vermeulen SA, Loo AJAEV, Balikji S, Kraneveld AD, Garssen J, Scholey A. Dietary Nutrient Intake, Alcohol Metabolism, and Hangover Severity. J Clin Med. 2019 Aug 27;8(9):1316. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091316. PMID: 31461972; PMCID: PMC6780234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6780234/
McClain C, Vatsalya V, Cave M. Role of Zinc in the Development/Progression of Alcoholic Liver Disease. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun;15(2):285-295. doi: 10.1007/s11938-017-0132-4. PMID: 28447197; PMCID: PMC6206836.